Кудабаева Л.А.

Кластеризация экономики – опыт зарубежных стран

distribution of productive forces and production technologies,

National University,

Kryvyi Righ

Diffusion of innovations

Centro-peripheral model based on the spatial transformation of the core of the world economy through the generation, application and diffusion of innovations. According to the teachings of J. Friedman, distribution innovations strictly hierarchical: from high to low levels (cascade diffusion). The author identifies several important factors that determine the stability of dominance over the periphery of the nucleus. With one hand the constant innovation creates favorable conditions for further development is within the kernel, providing maximum access to information, creating a number of accompanying institutional conditions. Thus, along with the effect of sinter effective psychological effect which causes further modernization and qualitative transformation of the economic system kernel. On the other hand, the kernel constantly mobilizes various resources (mobile factors of production: labor, capital, natural resources, etc.) from the peripheral areas and centers that reinforces and perpetuates the differences between them, weakening the periphery [3].

The mechanism of operation territorial systems "center - periphery" due constant qualitative changes in the socio-economic relations within the nucleus, where the extent of scientific and technological progress, new features, focusing latest high-tech industries, new connections and respectively, is a constant restructuring of the economy, which is accompanied by changes in the qualification of labor and social composition of the population. [1] The industries that do not meet the core status as a major generator of innovation, gradually displaced to the periphery - first short-term (semi-), and then distant. The above process is called "diffusion of old innovations", plays an important role in the transmission of impulses from the periphery of the growth causes economic development, while consolidating a clear subordination technological braking. [4]

Exploring the evolution of relations between center and periphery, J. Friedman (the national level) identifies four stages of development (Fig. 1). Stage 1 category state is a system of local cores, each of which has an impact. Intra polarization of population and economy at this stage markedly stronger inter because the dominance of the national core as the more developed regions is not expressed. At stage 2 most favorable to the existing regional nuclear forms polarized around a region, which is the core of the national territory, surrounded by a wide periphery. In stage 3 in some peripheral areas as a result of the hierarchical diffusion of innovation, the conditions for a more active growth of regional nuclear polarization, New halos production, which leads to the transformation of the spatial structure of mono-to polycentric. In stage 4 the most dynamic element of culture that is mizhmetropolitenska peripherals (ie poluperyferiya). As a result of the intensification of the use of space in the external division of nuclei having enhanced agglomeration of high economic aktyvnisyu. [1]

Thus, at the global level in Western Europe, the cradle of the Industrial Revolution may be considered a typical example of one stage, the primary focus of industrialization: it is in this part of the world emerged world system of capitalism (world-system in Valerstanu). Long time European colonial powers concentrated the bulk of the world's economic potential, implementing new technologies that radically changed the nature of management and distribution of productive forces.

From metropolitan carried coordination and practically the whole process covering global space, controlled by the main transport routes. In Europe, industrial development occurred due to the emergence of new centers of agrarian regions and due to the restructuring of old industrial regions. Thus, the development of industries caused by the rapid rise of Europe - one of the centers of world civilization. this process was accompanied by the transformation of Europe into economic and political dominance of the world economy, which is characteristic of the stage 2 models J. Friedman. [2]

Later serious competitors Western European pole (nucleus) of the world economy have created a first U.S. (from the early nineteenth century.), And later Japan and Russia. [44]

Monocentric world system of capitalism has at the end of the last century transformed into polycentric, and its new centers started vyperedzhuvaty in the world of Europe. During the advanced industrial society (1870-1970) under the laws of 3 models J. Friedman "center - periphery" appeared at the global level. [1]

Since the mid 1970s, developed countries have moved to a new stage of economic development, which is associated with the beginning of the post-industrial era, the so-called third industrial revolution (scientific and technological revolution). Anticipating the role of tertiary sector (in most of the core of the world economy, the sector concentrates nearly ¾ of all employees), reducing the role of industry as a major industry to realize the achievements of NTP. Characteristically, the bulk of the increase in employment in the non-production sphere is directed not at those areas that are directly related to development of advanced technologies in the industry (eg telecommunications). Postindustrial period of development has caused not only a qualitative transformation of the global kernels, but some of their expansion, restructuring relationships within the entire world economy. Rapid growth of a large group of medium developed countries and developing countries (in Southeast Asia and Latin America) through the development of modern industries (while maintaining their dependence on the leading centers) is a global form of expression detected J. Friedman tendency to advancing development.

Rice. 1. Stages model J. Friedman

REFERENCES:

1. Грицай О. В., Иоффе Г. В., Трейвиш А. И. Центр и периферия в региональном развитии – М.: Наука, 1991.

2. Cole J. P. Geography of World Affairs. London: Penguin Books, 1963.

3. Friedmann J. Regional development policy. Boston : Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1966.

4. Schaetzl L. Wirtschaftsgeographic 1. Theoric. Paderborn: Schoeningh, 1996.